Persuasive Essay Volleyball - 921 Words

To play volleyball or not to play volleyball Have you ever heard of the sport volleyball? Well if you havent then let me tell you about it. Its where you have a team and your play a sport called volleyball, and you play with a ball thats called a volleyball and you can bump, set, and spike. You also get to play against all these different schools. You can also play in tournaments to play a bunch a team in one day. If you have a good winning streak you and your team could possibly go to state. State where you go to a high school like building and you play against teams all day for two days and in the end you all get participation trophies and about a week later you might get a bigger award for cheering for your team the most. So†¦show more content†¦You catch my also make you do drills like hitting line where you go up to the net and you tip and then hit. You also have to run on and off the court to get the ball or switch on and off with another player. Exercise is also good for volleyball because is you dont you wil l be very out of shape and thats not good because you have to have upper body strength and leg strength to jump. Now the disadvantages, the first one is injurious. Injuries can happen really easily in volleyball because you are jumping a lot and you slide all over the court and sometimes that can end up with a bad injury. Sometimes when youre sliding you can hurt your knees like popping them out of place or getting a burn. You can also hurt people on the other team by hitting the ball too hard or just hitting it in the wrong way. You may accidentally run into someone and injure both you and your teammate now you might not mean it, but it might end up in you both sit out. You also slip and fall and injure your elbow or chest. Next disadvantage is it can be expensive. Volleyball clubs and sometimes school volleyball can extremely expensive and sometime people can’t afford it and the really sad because they cant play just because of price. Sometimes people have the money in the beginning and then they might have something happen and then they cant play anymore. It can be hard to pay for both your education and playShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Volleyball1064 Words   |  5 Pagesa year trying to perfect my loving skill, volleyball. It was a hardworking skill, but enjoyable as well. It is my way of life. The most important years of my life was my volleyball experience in High School. There is a lot of sports out here today. Most of them use a lot of equipment, and others require none. Most of them require a decent amount of physical effort. However, out of all the sports that I could choose a favourite is, volleyball. It s a sport that has its own level of difficultyRead MorePersuasion Theory is Using Messages to Influence Others1346 Words   |  5 Pagesand â€Å"value†, which refers to what people think is, true or false and right or wrong. When someone asks, Do you believe in ghosts? they are implying that it is a fact that ghosts exist and want to know if it is true for you too. Another important persuasive communication definition to be aware of is attitude. When a person says, What is your attitude toward gay marriage? they want to know if you are favorable or not to the recent policies around this particular issue. People can have attitudesRead MorePublic Relations And Communication Management Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment (WCD) is a motorway link between State Highways 16 and 20, which, in part, runs through tunnels. The WCD aims to provide a direct link between the central business district and the airport, and an alternative to State Highway 1. This essay critically assesses how the New Zealand Transport Authority (NZTA) has communicated with publics during the WCD. It analyses the communication activity, and applies public relations theory. Key Publics Major publics with an interest in the projectRead MoreComputer1636 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough computers. Nine of them acknowledge that it is a distraction to the students especially in their studies because of the fact that twenty out of thirty students use their time in playing, even though some limits their time and it is very persuasive that results to an addiction. 2 The easy access to information via internet might teach students gruff ideas in some instances. Based on the information gathered from the related literature, many students spent more time playing rather than researchingRead MoreAthletic Footwear Industry Analysis13423 Words   |  54 PagesPUMA SE. (n.d.). Hoovers. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from subscriber.hoovers.com.proxy.libraries.smu.edu/H/company360/overview.html?companyId=91292000000000 Business Essays – Puma Company Brand. UK Essays, Dissertations amp; Coursework | Trusted, Reliable amp; Secure. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/puma-company-brand.php ASICS Corporation ASICS Corporation is a Japanese sporting goods manufacturer formed in 1977 as a result of the merger of OnitsukaRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesprobable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus Day, October 12. Here is some relevant background information to reduce yourRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCommunication 341 †¢ Nonverbal Communication 341 Organizational Communication 342 Formal Small-Group Networks 343 †¢ The Grapevine 343 †¢ Electronic Communications 345 †¢ Managing Information 349 Choice of Communication Channel 350 xiv CONTENTS Persuasive Communications 351 Automatic and Controlled Processing 351 †¢ Interest Level 352 †¢ Prior Knowledge 352 †¢ Personality 352 †¢ Message Characteristics 352 Barriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ Information

The Film V For Vendetta And The Song Get Up Stand Up By...

SAE Institute Oxford SAE 502: Critical Analysis Essay The Comparative analyses of the film V for Vendetta and the song Get Up Stand Up by Bob Marley and how they relate to the social context of Marxism. James Cunningham 17658 ADHE0514 Assignment Code Word Count: Module Leader/Lecturer: Ben Hall Table of Contents Title Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction (word count) Main Body (word Count) Conclusion (word Count) Appendices Reference List Introduction One of the themes that influenced many artists in the past is standing up for your rights. ‘V for Vendetta’ (2005) and ‘Bob Marley’s Get Up, Stand Up’ (1973) has been chosen because the author supports these works fit into the social context of Marxism. This essay traverses through Karl Marx’s history and his pioneering works on Marxism. Marxism is then related to the film V for Vendetta and Bob Marley’s track ‘Get Up, Stand Up’, and how both of them are Marxist approaches to inculcate in the society. From the outset, Marxism will be examined in terms of the historical aspect and materialistic ideology. Moreover, the study will look at how these elements were manipulated by the powers that be. There follows a short synopsis of the film ‘V for Vendetta’ and an analysis of specific scenes that relate to the Marxist theory. Subsequently, the discussion will focus on Marley’s influence on Jamaican politics and consequently an analysis on how Marley’s Get Up Stand Up (1973)Show MoreRelatedComparing The Film V For Vendetta And The Song Get Up Stand Up By Bob Marley3921 Words   |  16 PagesComparative analyses exploring the film V for Vendetta and the song Get Up Stand Up by Bob Marley and how they relate to the social context of Marxism. One of the themes that influenced many artists in the past is standing up for your rights. ‘V for Vendetta’ (2005) and ‘Bob Marley’s Get Up, Stand Up’ (1973) has been chosen because the author supports these works fit into the social context of Marxism. From the outset, Marxism will be examined in terms of the historical aspect and materialistic

French Revolution Ultimately a Failure Free Essays

Liberte, Egalite, and Fraternite were the main principles of the French revolution. However, it was a time where these three ideals would be twisted into nothing more than moral and physical violence. The revolution was ultimately a failure which spun out of control and began to murder itself. We will write a custom essay sample on French Revolution: Ultimately a Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now The French wanted Freedom from its absolutist ruler, but in turn saw themselves being governed by the devil. These citizens wanted a sense of brotherhood amongst their country, but saw their nation being torn apart by violence. Furthermore, the third estate sought to benefit from a new government that promised equality; however, the result was a further imbalance in an already corrupt society. Ironically, the gruesome reign of terror which was fabricated by the French government, contradicted the ideals of which the very revolution stood for, further illustrating the utter failure of this event. In the beginning, the French saw the revolution as a way to improve their lives, but this path quickly turned into a horrifying ascent into oblivion, which aside from immense suffering, achieved nothing. During the reign of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, revolutionary ideas flourished through the age of enlightenment. However, Louis made a crucial mistake by aiding the American Revolution; although it was a military success, it was an economic failure. France was bankrupt and the people were starving; they watched as their monarchs, nobles and aristocracy live a life of luxury and wealth while they suffered through poverty, drastically changing how the citizens perceived their monarch. Soon this resentment transformed into pure hatred and nothing could be done to change their minds. Before long the people revolted and Louis’ powers were stripped away, a new man was then put in his place, Robespierre. Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a man who had great power and abused it; to some he was â€Å"The Incorruptible†, but in reality was a blood thirsty dictator. As a young man, he studied the law and held a reputation for honesty and compassion. He sought to abolish the death penalty and refused to pronounce a required death sentence after becoming a judge : A victor who kills his captive enemies is called a barbarian! A grown man who kills a child that he could disarm and punish seems to us a monster! An accused man condemned by society is nothing else for it but a defeated and powerless enemy. Before it, he is weaker than a child before a grown man — to erase from the code of the French the blood laws that command judicial murders, and that their morals and their new constitution reject. I want to prove to them: 1- that the death penalty is essentially unjust and, 2- that it isn’t the most repressive of penalties and that it multiplies crimes more than it prevents them. However, as the revolution progressed so did his ideas; he soon became the head of the Jacobin club, a radical group who advocated exile or death for the French nobility. By this time the once soft and kind-hearted man, was now replaced by one who had developed a great love of power along with a reputation of intolerance, self-righteousness and cruelty . Robespierre quickly came to a conclusion that the end would justify the means, and that in order to defend the revolution against those who would destroy it, the shedding of blood was justified. Merlin de Thionville who was a member of several French legislative bodies said commented that: â€Å"In those days so rotten had France become that a bloody mountebank without talent or courage, whose name was Robespierre, made every citizen tremble under his tyranny†. The French now lived under fear and oppression of a man who no longer cared for the people of the revolution but rather the revolution itself. Using his great oratory skills he successfully demanded the execution of the king and queen without fair trial or judgement, saying that â€Å"Louis must die so that the revolution may live†. In January 1973 Louis XVI was executed, followed by his wife ten months later. By his own words he had become a monster, â€Å"A victor who kills his captive enemies is called a barbarian† . A nation cannot be one when the people do not believe in the ideals of the government. The revolution was merely a civil war which pitted citizens against one another. While many people believed in the revolution, they did not accept the extremist ideas of the Jacobins, and for that thousands of ordinary people were targeted and killed. The September Massacres was a subsequent mass killing of prisoners, after news that the Prussian Army had invaded France. On September 3, 1792, crowds of French citizens stormed into the prisons where they attacked prisoners and refractory clergy, regardless of their status as counter revolutionary. An account of this event by Nicolas-Edme Restif illustrates the torture the citizens inflicted on the prisoners who were their â€Å"brothers†: There had been a pause in the murders. Something was going on inside. . . . I told myself that it was over at last. Finally, I saw a woman appear, as white as a sheet, being helped by a turnkey. They said to her harshly: â€Å"Shout ‘Vive la nation! ‘† â€Å"No! No! † she said. They made her climb up on a pile of corpses. One of the killers grabbed the turnkey and pushed him away. â€Å"Oh! † exclaimed the ill-fated woman, â€Å"do not harm him! † They repeated that she must shout â€Å"Vive la nation! † With disdain, she refused. Then one of the killers grabbed her, tore away her dress, and ripped open her stomach. She fell, and was finished off by the others. Never could I have imagined such horror. I wanted to run, but my legs gave way. I fainted. When I came to, I saw the bloody head. Someone told me they were going to wash it, curl its hair, stick it on the end of a pike, and carry it past the windows of the Temple. What pointless cruelty! . . The number of active killers who took part in the massacres was about one hundred and fifty. The rest of Paris looked on with fear or approval, and the rest behind closed shutters, signifying the destruction of unity through the people. With a country whose citizens mercilessly killed one another, how could the French have a sense of Fraternite amongst themselves? A Nation is not united under fear and death but rather through peace and prosperity, which was clearly the opposite of the French Revolution. Equality was promised to the third estate, but the revolution did not create a balance. What it did was further upset the structure of society. In turn the first and second estate was removed from power, and the bourgeoisie put in their place. The rest of the third estate which included the peasants and the working class (sans-culottes), were left with nothing: They were the working people, the farmers, the shop owners, the trades people, the artisans, and even the factory workers. They were among the prominent losers of the first, more subtle revolution. While the middle class and wealthy classes benefitted greatly from the revolution, the sans-culottes saw their livelihoods disappearing and inflation driving them to fight for survival. The sans-culottes and peasants were generally poor and had little power, they could not vote, hold office, or own land because they did not have the means to do so. Since they could not own land, peasants were angry that they had traded one master for another; once again they had found themselves at the bottom of the ladder. The Sans-culottes atoned for this by aligning themselves with the Jacobins. While this alliance gave them a facade of power, they were nothing more than henchmen to a group of radical thinkers who needed people to do their dirty work. However, at the end, many of the Sans-culottes found themselves imprisoned and executed by the very revolutionary tribunals that they had supported. The revolution gave nothing more than an illusion of what the common masses craved; while the first and second estates were gone, a new powerful and cruel organization made up of the bourgeoisie were put in their place. The Reign of Terror was designed to fight the enemies of the revolution; with that in mind the revolution was no longer about freedom, equality and brotherhood, but rather an extremist form of revolutionary ideals. Anyone who had not aligned themselves with the Jacobin rule or had talent and power were seen as a threat to the new revolution, they were subsequently dubbed as traitors and sentenced to the guillotine. For the first time in history, terror became an official government policy, with the intent to use violence to achieve political goals. In the course of this reign the new regime managed to execute thousands of people who were considered as having the potential to stand up or overthrow the government. Through this, scores of influential people were falsely accused. In one particular execution, a woman by the name of Mme Roland uttered the words that have been immortalized by history, â€Å"O Liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name†. She was right, the revolution had abused and committed crimes against not only the idea of liberte, but also of egalite and fraternite. Every person who placed their head upon the guillotine, were there because the three ideals which the revolution stood for were corrupted to support the extremist views of the Jacobins. The modern era has unfolded the shadows of the French revolution. Ultimately this time period did not bring any successes, but rather the opposite. The revolution was purely the product of a few conspiratorial individuals who brainwashed the masses into subverting the old order. The promises of egalite, equalite, and fraternite, were soon lost as violence and bloodshed set in. The French were eager to be free of the constricting class system and absolute monarchy. However, the people found themselves under the rule of a man who oppressed the people into an absolute state of obedience. Furthermore, the French wanted a sense of unity throughout their country, but instead resorted to the brutal murders of their own people. Ultimately, this reformation was caused by an upset in the balance of equality amongst the classes. The third estate was promised equal status by the revolution, but in the end only the bourgeoisie emerged victorious. Ironically, the reign of terror distorted the three main ideals for which the revolution stood for. Through the guidance of corrupted leaders, these ideas were washed away in bloodshed. The French revolution is an usurpation of power gone wrong, at the end of this ten year period, nothing was gained, yet everything was lost. The people who once saw this transformation as the answer to an oppressive regime soon realized that had simply set themselves up for a meeting with death. How to cite French Revolution: Ultimately a Failure, Essay examples

All Things Are Subject to Love Pride Versus Love Essay Example For Students

All Things Are Subject to Love: Pride Versus Love Essay In the description of the Prioress found in the prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer depicts this woman as one who would appear to on-lookers as being mannerly, becoming, and pleasant. The phrase where Chaucer wrote â€Å"She was a great delight, and always tried, To imitate court ways, and had her pride† would indicate that not only did the Prioress place a great deal of importance on her outward appearance but that she also took pride in it as well. (1, 1174) This might lead the reader to consider that Chaucer is creating a possibility within the prologue that the Prioress might practice er religion in a hypocritical fashion. The tale of the Prioress begins with her praying in such an outlandish manner that it also leaves the indication of being for show rather than for true devoted worship and praise directed to God. (2, 186-187) From the inscription â€Å"All things are subject to love† found upon her brooch to her sympathetic feelings concerning the lowliest of creatures, Chaucer defines the Prioress inwardly as one who based the true measure of Christianity upon love and good deeds done to others in need. An emphasis is made in the prologue concerning the fact that the Prioress is nly mentioned to hold tender, compassionate feelings for defenseless creatures. â€Å"As for charity and tender feelings, She melted at whatever was piteous. † Therefore, it could be concluded that while the Prioress is concerned with helpless creatures, she has little or no concern for those in society who would be her equals. (Chaucer 1, 1174) However, it is possible that by her actions and words the Prioress is still trying to display her great compassion towards those lower than her and thus is doing it for self-glory and satisfaction. Chaucer in some ways leaves the reader to make the final judgment concerning the intent of the Prioress. Throughout his description and the tale it can be inferred that Chaucer felt it was important for one who professed Christianity to not only worship in deed but also in heart as well. Despite any possible dispute about whether or not the Prioress is inspired to good deeds out of pride or out of pure intent of the heart, the story she tells reinstates the concept of â€Å"All things are subject to love† and the idea that she is sympathetic to lowly creatures. Chaucer begins by using a child who lives with only his widow mother and attends a nearby Catholic school as the main character. Like the animals the Prioress feels pity for n the prologue, this boy also probably would be considered a â€Å"lowly creature. † In the prologue Chaucer wrote † She would weep if she but came upon a mouse Caught in a trap, if it were dead and bleeding. † (1, 1174) This scenario is used somewhat as a story line for the tale because the boy is used as the sympathetic character who dies unjustly. This poor boy was very devoted to his faith and always eager to learn more about God so that he could worship him better. However, he was persecuted and eventually killed by some Jews who hated him for his religion because they considered it to be in opposition to the Jewish religion. In some ways Chaucer presented forth a concept that even though the Jews felt in their hearts that they were religious and â€Å"in tune† with God, they had no happiness and no true qualities that would indicate a real relationship with their Maker. .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 , .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 .postImageUrl , .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 , .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46:hover , .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46:visited , .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46:active { border:0!important; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46:active , .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46 .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8582ff5c91df84fba15b6f305ba8ae46:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Microsoft Essay SummaryOn the other hand, the boy was very humble in every way, truly sought to worship his God and found happiness in praising God with a devoted heart and voice in life and in death. It is obvious throughout the descriptions of the various characters as well as the tales found within The Canterbury Tales that Chaucer wants to show how individuals involved in the church were often overcome by the appearance f religion rather than the existence of true religious devotion. From a â€Å"glance†, the Prioress is shown to be quite perfected in all her ways and as a result prideful as well. At closer inspection, however, the Prioress is given deeper qualities through her compassion for lowly creatures. It is possible that through this compassion and feeling that she lives her life according to the inscription â€Å"All things are subject to love. † Still, it is unclear to determine exactly whether or not the compassion she shows is out of pride to â€Å"show out for others† or if it indeed is inspired solely by love.

Estore at Shell Canada Limited free essay sample

Some of the unique challenges usually faced by large organizations when embarking on innovative technology are the costs involved in developing the technology, bringing different organizational groups together, securing the technology through patents, integrating different departments during implementation, having a customer-friendly user interface, etc. In the case of shell the problems were more specific like the project cost, what platform to use, and language. Shell wanted to develop a web-based self-service for its agricultural customers. It was projected that Shell’s market share would increase by 2 per cent in that segment. But, initial cost estimates showed that developing such an application would be very expensive. Shell dealt with this problem by incorporating an application (eCATS) which was already in use. This helped in reducing the development costs considerably. The second issue that came up was regarding the platform to be used for developing this application. Shell already had a platform which was outdated. We will write a custom essay sample on Estore at Shell Canada Limited or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shell’s IT vendor was in the process of introducing a new platform based on the latest technology. Shell Canada had already chosen the new platform for the development of eBusiness. It was finalized that the outdated platform would be used initially and the new platform would be introduced later on. The final product which came out was not as effective as it was perceived to be. There were several reasons for the product having such low popularity: Not customer friendly user interface No proper revalidation by marketing department in checking the successful orders through eStore Shell was unsuccessful in projecting eStore as a better product than other applications like telephone.

Political Consciousness in Ancient Greece and Rome essays

Political Consciousness in Ancient Greece and Rome essays In order for societies to have political consciousness they must understand that the state is secular, the states purpose is to serve the people, and that citizens work to benefit the state. Although the level of political consciousness in the ancient period world was overall high, the level fluctuated between different societies. With different societies came different forms of government, different rulers, and different ideas of excellence. All of the differences contributed to the level of political consciousness in ancient societies. The political consciousness in the Athenian Polls, the Hellenistic Kingdoms, and the Roman Principate are perfect examples of societies with different ideas, governments, and political consciousness. During the period of the Athenian Polls (600-431 B.C.), the Athenians were experiencing a time of high political consciousness. The Athenians felt that they were part of something greater than themselves, their polis. The citizens of the Athenian Polls understood that the state was secular, which means the state is created by people not God. Although the government was ruled and influenced by aristocrats, the farmers and peasants felt secure in their polis. Around 600 B.C. a plea was heard from the citizens of Athens to cancel debts and give land to the poor. The state responded by canceling all land debts, outlawed loans based on humans as collateral, and freed people who had fallen into slavery because of debt. These actions showed that the states purpose was to serve the Athenian citizens. The citizens also became more involved in the government with the formation of the social classes and the assembly. With a stable government in place and the support of the Athenian ci tizens, the state was able to concentrate on beautifying Athens, increasing trade, and building a standing army to fight the invading Persians. In the Persian War, the Athenians showed their determination to ...

Tanglewood Stores - Measurement and Validation Essay

Tanglewood Stores - Measurement and Validation - Essay Example The  table gives a clear analysis of various variables. It shows an estimate of the correlation between some of the common predictors like education, managerial interviews, job experience and the measures /variables of performance, citizenship, absence along with other correlations between the proposed predictors like biodata, applicant exams, extraversion, consciousness and retail knowledge. Content validity of the methods of selection is one of the key questions that have to be addressed.There are quite a number of scales that Tanglewood proposed which perfectly match the content that they are intended to measure.And they also correspond properly with the specific work of store associates.  First, we have the retail market knowledge exam which comprises of questions that pertain to the industry and the uniqueness of Tanglewood in the industry. This is properly done and very relevant in the sense that it is related to the basic knowledge of some of the vital marketing principles.Marshfield applicant exam which aims at helping individuals to get some problem-solving abilities, accuracy and fluency in numerical concepts.The personality exam is aimed at identifying the various personality types of those intending to work with Tanglewood.This is necessary for it assists the management to understand the kind of employees to put in various departments. If Tanglewood is interested in getting some of the best people to work for them, there a quite a number of things that they must do. They should focus more on aspects like education of the individual, his or her competencies, the experience he or she has in that particular are to avoid hiring people who lack the know-how and ensure that they give them more training pertaining the kind of duties that the organisation offers. For instance, those in the human resource have to be assisted on how to hire the best people for particular jobs within the stores. The above names predictors are some of the best because they will  ensure that the organisation has people who are competent and know what they are required of by their employers.  

Nutrition and Autism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Nutrition and Autism - Assignment Example Moreover, the elimination of lead-loaded petro has been identified as a deliberate campaign program that has been adopted to eliminate the adverse effects of the chemical substances. The article, therefore, links development of autism t exposure to chemical agents and thus its prevention lies squarely on elimination of exposure. Besides, the author identifies that children are more prone to these chemical agents. Exposure is mainly through maternal transfer to the baby during pregnancy or consistent early exposure to these chemicals. Whichever the case, there are over 200 chemicals that have been proven in laboratories to inhibit brain development. However, there is a critical impediment identified by the author as stumbling a block in avoidance of these chemicals. Firstly, the threshold to prove is too high and require study sample with the control group that is impossible due to ethical consideration. Besides, there are still gaps in chemical neurotoxicity tests leading to insufficient literature (Grandjean and Landrigan 2169). Despite the shortcomings, the article suggests removal of food items that contain these dangerous elements. I feel that the article is scientific and ought to offer direction to food industries that use chemical additives as preservatives or as food components. Mercury and lead have been identified many times as the dangerous elements whose exposure at pregnancy predisposes to teratogenicity. I consider the article findings on chemicals in food, fuel or any other source substantially convincing and policy makers should work around the clock to prevent exposure as an important step in prevention against autism and related conditions. The article explores nutrition, autism and how a combination of nutritional supplements can benefit autistic children. It further reports experimental studies that help affirm suggestion that vitamin B6 and Magnesium element combination is more

Hazard and vulnerability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hazard and vulnerability - Essay Example The assumption that 'natural' disasters are inherently and predominantly natural phenomena has tended to exclude the social sciences from consideration in much of the spending that is done in disaster preparedness. This is despite the fact that over the last twenty years a considerable literature on disasters has emerged from human geography, sociology, anthropology and (to a lesser extent) economics. For many years, social science has contributed to policy formation for disasters (especially in the Third World) through the activities of many Non-Government Organisations (NGOs). The initial development of vulnerability analysis is then rooted in social science, and in a sense has constituted a political economy of disasters to the analysis of devastating events that are normally associated with natural hazards. At its most simplistic, vulnerability analysis asserts that for there to be a disaster there has to be not only a natural hazard, but also a vulnerable population. Much of the conventional work on disasters has been dominated by 'hard science', and has been a product of the prominence that natural phenomena have acquired in the disaster causation process. But this 'physicalist' approach is also a result of the social construction of disasters as events that demonstrate the human condition as subordinate to Nature.

Use And Problems Of Expert Witnesses In Court Law Essay

Use And Problems Of Expert Witnesses In Court Law Essay It is an ancient common law rule that on a subject requiring special knowledge and competence, evidence is admissible from witnesses who have acquired the necessary expertise on that matter, and such witnesses are known as experts.  [1]  The foundation of the use of expert witness in court was laid down by Lord Mansfield in Folkes v. Chadd  [2]  that the opinion of scientific men upon proven facts may be given within their own science. Although opinion evidence is inadmissible as a general rule, the main exception to this rule is the opinion of an expert on matters resting within his expertise, and this exception applies in both civil and criminal cases. Regarding the civil proceedings, the statutory recognition of the exception is reflected by section 58(1) of the Evidence Ordinance (Cap 8) that an experts opinion is admissible on any relevant matter on which he is qualified to give expert evidence. However, there is an issue of potential conflict of interest on the expert w itness.  [3]  On one hand, an expert witness has a paramount duty to assist the court; on the other hand, he is remunerated for his services by one of the parties under the adversary system, which assumed a more partisan role for them at the expense of impartiality.  [4]   This essay aims to examine whether the aspiration of expert objectivity is realistic in our adversary system. In the next part, we shall discuss the problem of adversarial bias as well as the duties of expert witnesses. In part 3, the applicability of court appointed experts in Hong Kong will be examined with reference to the inquisitorial system. In part 4, we will explore the problems associated with the small population of potential experts in Hong Kong, followed by the courts power in dealing with expert disagreements in part 5. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn in the last part of this paper. The problems associated with expert witness It is often said that the principal danger of adversary expertise is motivational bias.  [5]  As expert witnesses are employed by one of the parties to the litigation and they would purposely mould their views to fit their clients proceedings. In fact, the problem of lack of objectivity in expert evidence is not a new phenomenon. As early as in Lord Abinger v. Ashton  [6]  , Sir George Jessel said: Undoubtedly there is a natural bias to do something serviceable for those who employ you and adequately remunerate you, and expert witness may even considered themselves as the paid agents of their employers. The problem of adversarial bias is also widespread in Hong Kong.  [7]  As identified in the Interim Report of the Working Party on Civil Justice Reform, a major problem concerning expert evidence is the partisanship and lack of independence among experts.  [8]  Thus, it is suggested by Professor Gary Edmond that partisanship may be an unavoidable feature of knowledge p roduction and expert opinion.  [9]   Another reason for lack of objective expert evidence is due to the problem of expert shopping, which is a process of selecting opinions from one expert after another, until the most favourable opinion to the partys case is found.  [10]  Since the choice of experts lies with the parties, the expert evidence is selected on the basis that would serve the best interests of their clients cases. Consequently the court does not necessarily obtain the most independent or objective expert evidence. The practice of selecting the most favorable expert is indeed a distortion of the rationale behind expert evidence as well as a discredit to the administration of justice. 2.1 The duties of expert witness Due to the concern about the failure of experts to provide an independent and objective opinion, a developed code of conduct has been set out in National Justice Compania Naviera SA v. Prudential Assurance Co. Ltd. (The Ikarian Reefer)  [11]  to clarify the duties of an expert witness. The most important parts are the first two numbered paragraphs, which stated that: 1) Expert evidence presented to the Court should be the independent product of the expert uninfluenced as to form or content by the exigencies of litigation  [12]  ; 2) An expert witness should provide independent assistance to the Court by way of objective unbiased opinion in relation to matters within his expertise  [13]  . The Ikarian Reefer guidelines remain a good law in Hong Kong, and the relevant principles were set out in paragraph L1/58/7 of Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2009. The expert witnesss overriding duty to provide independent and unbiased assistance to court is also reflected in Order 38, rule 3 5A of the Rules of the High Court (RHC) as well as the Code of Conduct for Expert Witness in Appendix D of RHC. Further guidance is provided in Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Ltd. v. Commissioner of Rating and Valuation  [14]  that an expert also needs to ensure no omission of material facts that could divert from his concluded opinion. Although the adversary system may not have provided an ideal environment for the expert witnesses to maintain their independence and objectivity from their clients, I believed that the promulgation of code of conduct would have raised awareness of the expert witnesses in meeting the courts expectations, so that they will be less easily manipulated by lawyers, which can tend to rein in the widespread problem of expert bias in Hong Kong. Court-appointed experts Apart from a code of conduct for expert witnesses, some commentators have recommended other ways to reduce the problem of expert bias, and one of them is the appointment of court experts with reference to the inquisitorial system. It is common for the court to appoint experts in many continental jurisdictions, such as Belgium, Germany and France. Unlike the way to appoint experts under the adversarial system, the expert witnesses are selected and remunerated by an independent authority, usually the court rather than the parties, which may avoid the problem of adversarial bias.  [15]  Take an example of the French system of expertise, the judge would normally commission the expert witnesses from a list of official experts, and they will be questioned by the judge.  [16]  The major distinction between the adversarial and inquisitorial system of justice is that the parties play a minimal role in locating evidence and they need not actively engage with the expert witness in court , as the expert witness is infrequently cross-examined by the defendants. As the court-appointed expert has little interaction with the parties, they are more likely to give an objective and unbiased opinion to the Court. Nevertheless, it is argued that the appointment of court experts under the inquisitorial system is contrary to the principles of the adversarial system of justice. Apart from the loss of right for parties to select their own expert witnesses, there are a number of arguments that go against the inquisitorial court-appointed experts. First of all, the main problem is that the court may place undue reliance on the evidence provided by the court-appointed expert, which may lead to an ultimate result that it would be the court-appointed expert instead of the judge who decides the case.  [17]  This is also highlighted by Lord Denning in In re Saxton that the appointment of a court expert in England is a rare thing, as the litigants realize that the court would attach great weight to the report of a court expert, and are reluctant to leave the decision of the case so much in his hands.  [18]   Second, it is difficult to ensure the validity or test the applicability of the expert evidence in inquisitorial systems due to lack of cross-examination and involvement of more expert opinion, which are fundamental features of the adversarial system. In the absence of challenges to expert evidence, its quality and reliability is therefore doubtful as there is no way to test the correctness of the expert conclusion.  [19]  Moreover, the exercise of courts power to appoint an expert is rare under Order 40 of RHC in Hong Kong. It is indicated in the case of Nguyen Ho Others v. Director of Immigration  [20]  that the Court of Appeal has declined an invitation to appoint a court expert. Consequently, the inquisitorial court-appointed expert is difficult to integrate in our adversarial system, especially the important feature of cross-examination which encourages critical scrutiny of the expert evidence is lacking under the inquisitorial system.  [21]  It is also of my view that the adversarial expertise may benefit the fact-finder in another way by providing a range of perspectives or interpretations that allows verification of the validity and accuracy of the expert evidence in Court. Problems with small population of potential experts As Hong Kong is confronted with the problem of parties obtaining hired gun experts,  [22]  the concern of expert bias may also arise when the employer of the expert witness is the prosecution. This is particularly the case for criminal prosecutions, where the expert witnesses are commonly and closely connected with the police or prosecution authorities. In fact, the small population of available experts in Hong Kong would render the reliance on expert witnesses employed by the prosecution inevitable, for instance, police officers may be called by the prosecution as witnesses to give evidence in drug cases regarding the average dosage of drug addictsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. One may nonetheless argue that relying on the prosecutions own officers as expert witnesses to provide opinion evidence would prima facie cast a doubt on their independence and objectivity in that case. Thus, it raises the problem of whether it is possible to restrict the officers of the prosecution from giving opin ion evidence as an expert in his field to support the prosecutions case. In R v. Chung Chen Hsin  [23]  (Chung), a police officer ballistics expert, who was possibly connected with the investigation, was called by the prosecution as witness to testify for them that the unusual weapon found in the defendants hand luggage was a firearm. The court has made some important points regarding the right of the prosecution authority to call its own officers as expert witnesses to offer opinion evidence. It is held that there is no requirement in a criminal proceeding where the expert witness ought to be independent of the prosecution authority, but a witness who is competent and properly qualified to provide his expertise would suffice.  [24]  Judge Stuart Moore also challenged the judgment in R v. Kai Tai Construction Engineering Company Ltd.  [25]  by claiming that it was not a material irregularity for the prosecution to have called a properly qualified expert from the same department responsible for that prosecution, and there must be powerful reaso ns to cast a doubt on the expert called by the prosecution in order to justify the refusal to allow the prosecutions own officers as expert witnesses.  [26]  Moreover, even the expert witness is so closely connected to the case that he may be biased in favour of the prosecution, it is ultimately a matter remained for the jury to assess the weight to be attached to his testimony and the question of admissibility is irrelevant. The rationale in Chung was reaffirmed in many recent cases, such as Tang Ping Choi Another v. Secretary for Transport  [27]  , where the court held that an experts evidence was not inadmissible merely due to the fact that he or she was an employee of one of the parties to the case. With limited human resources in Hong Kong, the fact that many expert witnesses have been employed by the party calling them is nearly inevitable, especially for the technical matters that require highly specialized experts to offer their opinion evidence. Despite the possible lack of independence of the expert witnesses employed by the prosecution, it has been made clear by the Hong Kong courts that the expert evidence would not be excluded merely on that basis. Even though the expert witness may have produced a biased opinion due to his or her vested interest in the outcome of the case, it is only relevant to the weight to be attached to that experts testimony rather than the admissibility of evidence. Expert disagreement With one of more expert witnesses giving opinion evidence at court, it is possible to have a clash of opinion between opposing experts. In fact, we may divide the discussion into two parts: one is the role the judge if this situation happens at the trial; while the other is the judges powers to limit the extent of expert disagreement before the trial. First of all, if there are conflicting experts opinions during the trial, the judge will need to direct the jury correctly. It is held by the Court of Appeal in Plait  [28]  that the judge should not direct the jury in a way that it is a case of choosing between their opinion evidence. Rather, the jury should consider if there is a reasonable possibility that either the opinion of the prosecution or defence expert, when taken in conjunction with all the other evidence, is correct; then the jury should proceed on that basis. For the second part, the introduction of Civil Justice Reform in Hong Kong has offered the courts more control over the expert evidence, including measures to reduce the expert disagreement before the trial. The most common way for the court to narrow expert disagreement is to direct an expert meeting and joint report  [29]  , where the experts of both sides will meet before the trial and indicate clearly in the joint report the reason for their disagreement with each other. The direction is supported by Justice Wood that experts moderate their opposing views in the expert meeting, or even reach agreement on the controversial aspects of their expertise.  [30]  It is also noticed that the experts have a duty to attend this pre-trial meeting and conclude with a proper joint report, or otherwise, the defaulting expert would have breached paragraph 12 of the Code of Conduct for Expert Witness. Furthermore, the court has an option to order the appointment of a single joint expert under Order 38, rule 4A of RHC. Under this scheme, parties may jointly choose the single joint expert, or the court can select from a list prepared by the parties or any manner as the court may direct. Although the use of single joint expert may allow the fact-finder to have a simpler and less-biased picture over the technical matter, it is stressed in the Woolfs final report that the appointment of a single joint expert is mainly used to deal with the problem of excessive and inappropriate use of experts instead of bridging the differences of opinion between experts.  [31]   As a result, it is believed that the direction of pre-trial expert meeting and joint report will be more useful to narrow the conflicting opinion between experts rather than the appointment of a single joint expert. Conclusion With increasing technological sophistication of issues in courts, it is no doubt that the expert witness is playing a more significant role in the judicial process. Unlike other witnesses, the expert witness has an overriding duty to the court to provide objective and unbiased opinion evidence. An absence of independence and objectivity on the part of the expert witness would be prejudicial to the court, and consequently lead to a devaluing role of the expert witness in the court proceedings. It is opined that the introduction of the code of conduct as well as the new rules under the Civil Justice Reform in Hong Kong have evolved new roles for the expert witness. By setting court expectations in respect of the expert evidence, the expert witness would strive to meet the high standards and adhere to their duties and responsibilities listed in the rules. Despite the effort of the expert witness, I believe the concerted efforts by all streams of the judicial system are also vital to restore not only the credibility of the role of expert witness, but also publics confidence in the administration of justice. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS M. R. Damaska, Evidence Law Adrift (New Haven London: Yale University Press, 1997) Mike Redmayne, Expert Evidence and Criminal Justice (OUP, Oxford 2001) Peter Murphy, Murphy on Evidence (10th edn OUP, Oxford 2008) Simon NM Young, Hong Kong Evidence Casebook (Sweet Maxwell Asia, Hong Kong 2004) ARTICLES REPORTS Charles Pugh Marcus Pilgerstorfer, Expert Evidence: The Requirement of Independence (2008) Journal of Personal Injury Law 224. Chief Justices Working Party on Civil Justice Reform, Civil Justice Reform: Interim Report and Consultative Paper (2001) Gary Edmond, After Objectivity: Expert Evidence and Procedural Reform 25 Sydney Law Review 131. Gary Edmond, Judicial Representations of Scientific Evidence (2000) 63 Modern Law Review 216. J.R Spencer, Court Experts and Expert Witnesses: Have We a Lesson to Learn from the French? (1992) 45 Current Legal Problems 213. Lord Woolf MR, Access to Justice: Final Report to the Lord Chancellor on the Civil Justice System in England and Wales (HMSO, London 1996) Peter Alldridge, Forensic Science and Expert Evidence (1994) 21 Journal of Law and Society 136. Samuel Gross, Expert Evidence (1991) Wisconsin Law Review 1113. NEWSPAPER Cliff Buddle, Judge calls expert witness mercenary SCMP (22 March 2002) EDT 7. ELECTRONIC RESOURCES Justice Sperling, Expert Evidence: The Problem of Bias and Other Things (1999): accessed 13 March 2011. Justice Garry Downes AM, Expert Evidence: The Value of Single or Court-Appointed Experts (2005): accessed 13 March 2011. Michael Wilkinson, Recent Developments Affecting Expert Evidence in Law Lectures for Practitioners (1991): accessed 13 March 2011. CASES Folkes v. Chadd [1782] 99 ER 589 Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Ltd. v. Commissioner of Rating and Valuation [2004] 2 HKLRD 702 In re Saxton [1962] 1 WLR 968 Lord Abinger v. Ashton [1874] 22 WR 582 National Justice Compania Naviera SA v. Prudential Assurance Co. Ltd. [1993] 2 Lloyds Rep. 68 Nguyen Ho Others v. Director of Immigration [1990] Civ App No 135 of 1990 Plait [1981] CrimLR 332 Polivitte Ltd. V. Commercial Union Assurance [1987] 1 Lloyds Rep. 379 R v. Chung Chen Hsin [1996] 1 HKCLR 120 R v. Kai Tai Construction Engineering Company Ltd. [1996] 2 HKCLR 26 Tang Ping Choi Another v. Secretary for Transport [2004] 2 HKLRD 284 Whitehouse v. Jordan [1981] 1 WLR 246

Emergency Room Overutilization Essay -- Emergency Room Misuse

Emergency room over utilization is one of the leading causes of today’s ever increasing healthcare costs. The majority of the patients seen in emergency rooms across the nation are Medicaid recipients, for non-emergent reasons. The federal government initiated Medicaid Managed Care programs to offer better healthcare delivery, adequately compensate providers and reduce healthcare costs. Has Medicaid Managed Care addressed the issues and solved the problem? The answer is ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. Throughout the early 1980’s and 1990’s the Federal Medicaid program was challenged by rapidly rising Medicaid program costs and an increasing number of uninsured population. One of the primary reasons for the overall increase in healthcare costs is the over utilization of hospital emergency rooms. This is a direct result of not having a primary care physician and/or family doctor who is the main source of healthcare delivery for an individual and/or entire family The traditional Medicaid program does not offer, or require, recipients to choose a primary care physician like, its counterpart, Medicare. Medicare still operates under the traditional fee-for-service methodology and does not require beneficiaries to identify and primary provider as well as having direct access to specialty services. This allows a cost sharing approach which results in higher out-of-pocket expenses and does not cover drug or prescription benefits. In an effort to offer better healthcare services and access as well as reduce costs the federal government allowed the States to turn to managed care and proposed a mandatory statewide implementation for the Medicaid population. In order to make major changes like these, states have to request waivers of Medicaid regulatio... ...sive.(Practice Trends)." Clinical Psychiatry News 33.2 (Feb 2005): 88(1). Academic OneFile. Thomson Gale. University of Phoenix. Retrieved February 25, 2013 from: . 5. Roohan, Patrick J., Anarella, Joseph P., & Gesten, Foster C. (July-August 2004) Quality oversight and improvement in Medicaid managed care.(Quality Assurance Reporting Requirements ). In Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 10, p321(9). 6. Wang, Cheng, Villar, Maria Elena, Mulligan, Deborah A., & Hansen, Toran. (Nov 2005) Cost and utilization analysis of a Pediatric Emergency Department Diversion Project. In Pediatrics, 116, p1075(5). Retrieved July 11, 2013, from InfoTrac OneFile via Thomson Gale:

Response on Quote from “The Waiting Years” by Fumiko Enchi Essay

In Chapter 1, of â€Å"The First Bloom† of the book â€Å"The Waiting Years† by author Fumiko Enchi, (Fumiko, 2002) it was easy to identify the little girl as one who was so important amid the small pace of the town. Suga was going to dance †Plum Blossom in Spring† where all eyes would be on her.   She was going to be looked at and judged according to her dance that day, in her mind,   which set the atmosphere for tension and apprehension of what they would think about her recital and about Suga.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suga seemed so innocent and she always maintained her respectful nature as she did as she walked toward the school teacher’s house and you could sense that this dance was going to be very important to Suga.   She remained respectable, as you think about her life with an impoverished family in a world of young girls who were selected as future bride’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The setting in this piece of work was magnificent as I imagined the tiny house in this poor community.   The stage in the teacher’s house must have been so magical for Suga and for the other little girl who was already dancing when she arrived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I feel sorry for Suga as I understand that she and every other girl is always being looked at but for the recital, I think this is one time when she really does want to be noticed and for something other than being a girl who will be chosen for other things in life besides her dancing. I think that this quote offers a good look into the life of Suga and gives a vivid description of her life and surroundings. Enchi, Fumiko, (2002) The Waiting Years, Oxford University Press, p.24

Chinese Dynastys Over Time †History Essay

Chinese Dynastys Over Time – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Chinese Dynastys Over Time History Essay It is not unusual that we study famous and important people in history in order to understand what was going on at that time. However, did these people really change the history? I always wonder whether the present would be different if some of these people were not born. Are we meant to be where we are now or everything is just by chance? These questions are especially critical in modern Chinese history because there were many regimes and groups for different types of people’s interests. It seems like there were so many possibilities that maybe the history could really be different than the way it is. There is an old saying in Chinese-, (a one-hundred-year-old worm, its body would not be rotten after its death). It means that regimes which have ruled for a long time do not fail easily even though it is dead inside. Qing dynasty could be the best example; it did not collapse right away due to the internal and external problems, and it managed to get through the nineteenth century and on until 1912. Partial credit must be given to those scholars who worked hard on the Confucian restoration, trying to reform and revive Qing dynasty. Zeng Guofan was one of the most important representatives of this restoration attitude. Even though Zeng thought highly of traditional scholarly and moral values, soon he saw â€Å"the value of making selective use of Western technology† (Spence, P195). His good friend, Feng Guifen also presented Zeng a series of ideas about how and why â€Å"China must learn to strengthen itself†-â€Å"Why are France and Britain [they] small but strong? The answer lay†¦in four main areas, utilizing all their manpower resource, exploiting their soil to the full, maintaining close bonds between rulers and subjects, and ensuring ‘the necessary accord of word with deed’† (Spence P195). Not only did Zeng and Feng, scholars far away from the political center Beijing, realize that â€Å"China must learn to strengthen itself† (Spence P195). Prince Gong, an important Manchu in the royal family, also â€Å"emerge[d] as a reformer in the Tongzhi Restoration period† (Spence 198). Under his efforts, schools in Beijing started to offer classes in foreign languages, Western technology, science, mathematics, international law, etc. Also, Qing dynasty sent out teenagers to U.S.A., Europe and Japan to study in their schools, hoping these people could bring back the most updated technology in Western society. After Zeng’s death, Li Hongzhang gained the trust from the express dowager Cixi. He encouraged Chi nese people to open their own factories, to try to reduce foreign import , to develop arsenals and build up the Chinese navy army. These practices definitely boomed the Chinese economy and strengthened the Qing dynasty. However, the disastrous defeat in Sino-Japan war made it clear that â€Å"self-strengthening† was not as helpful as people expected-â€Å"the north China navy†¦with yet more damaging consequences to China’s self-strengthening goals† (Spence p221). Holding the fear that China would be carved up in the coming future, scholars attempted to seek a way to rescue China from Western domination. After the war with Japan in 1895, many people were amazed that Japan, such a small country, had managed to become so successful in only a few decades. Almost at the same time, because Japan was â€Å"not yet ready to risk an open test of strength with the forces of Russia or of other potentially hostile European countries† (Howard, p281), the Japanese government decided to develop a positive relationship with China. They offered assistance against Russia and other western powers, which was also in their own interest. Japan’s success and its assistance to China especially in â€Å"expanding and improving Chinese [its] military establishment† (Howard p283), started an trend in China that many scholars were attracted to the Japan’s restoration history and they believed China should follow Japan in its own restoration. Kang Youwei was the one who really tried to put these ideas into practice. He gained much of his knowledge of the Meiji reform in Japan from books. Kang’s faith in China’s success following Japan came from the similarity between China and Japan, the work Japan had already done, including the translation of an enormous amount of Western books, and Japan’s positive and helpful attitude towards the Chinese restoration. Kang was very eager to put his ideas intoreality after â€Å"his observations of the corruption and irresponsibility in political life†¦and the humiliation of the defeat by Japan† (Howard, p289). Finally, Kang got the chance to present his ideas to the young emperor, Guangxu, and received an enthusiastic response. With hopes that China might become as strong as Japan through the restoration, Guangxu, called for changes in four areas including â€Å"abolition of the highly stylized format known as ‘eight-legged essay’†¦t he convention of old academics to modern schools offering both Chinese and Western learning†¦local officials to increase the production of tea and silk for export†¦and the strengthening of armed forces† (Spence, p228). Guangxu mistakenly thought his aunt, the empress dowager Cixi would support him but Cixi was afraid of her power being taken away, she issued an edict on 21st September, 1898 that â€Å"the emperor had asked her to resume power† (Spence, p229), and ended all the movement. Many people argue that Kang’s picking Guangxu as the person to put his ideas into reality was a huge mistake, but it is less noticed that there were not many options for Kang. Kang had never got a chance to go to Japan to observe its policy until 1898, and all of his knowledge of Japan, especially about Meiji reform came from books. He was only a scholar without military power or bureaucratic experiences, and he needed to rely on someone who would appreciate his ideas and also be powerful enough to make a difference. He wanted to rescue China from western power which made it impossible for him to turn to western countries for assistance. At the same time in the Qing court where were full of conservative officials, his only hope left to be the young emperor even though he had nothing but a throne. Kang turned to Japan government for help after the failure of the movement, but all he got was private support from Okuma which was not even strong enough to rescue Guangxu. It is alm ost predictable that Kang would fail eventually because the â€Å"constitutional reformers† did not have any solid military power to support them and all the assistance they received from Japan was mostly sympathy but not anything practical. In this battle between the â€Å"conservative Qing officials’† and Kang as â€Å"constitutional reformers†, Zhang Zhidong played an interesting role. It seems to most people that it was difficult to understand which side he really supported. In his book-Quanxue Pian’s Inner chapters, he talks about â€Å"why the idea of popular power did not fit China’s needs† (Hon, p89), which made him in the opposite position of â€Å"constitutional reformers†. However, in the outer chapters, he suggested that people should not â€Å"stop(ped) eating altogether because of a hiccup† which encouraged people to change the old institutions according to the present needs. Zhang’s ambiguous attitude seemed to be confusing, however, still explicable. According to Tze-Ki Hon in his â€Å"Zhang Zhidong’s Proposal for Reform†, Zhang was â€Å"an experienced bureaucrat who knew how to bend to the political wings† (Hon, p95). I n Zhang’s time, there were two streams of power with conflicts. Even though Zhang had his own opinions of restoration and he wanted to reform the court, his experience as a bureaucrat prevented him from stepping up to support Kang. Therefore he proposed a coherent plan for founding a system to train new talent, which would slowly reform the Qing court. At the same time, he also worked on â€Å"how to reduce China’s reliance on foreign imports and†¦to build an efficient railroad system to improve transportation and bring the country together with a strong sense of national identity† (Hon, p93). Zhang’s plans might work but the emergence of Sun Yat-sen certainly did not give Zhang a chance to â€Å"gradually reform the Qing court†. Respected as the â€Å"Father of the Nation† in China, Sun Yat-sen showed his sympathy to Taiping rebellion and anti-Manchu hatred when he was very young-â€Å"while studying in Canton and Hong Kong, he is said to have admired Hong Xiuquan [Hung Hsiuchuan]† (Schiffrin, p 445). Different with Kang, Sun Yat-sen was not just a scholar who learned from books, he was fluent in English, and he had studied in many western countries. Being anti-Manchu, Sun realized that he needed assistance from foreigners â€Å"that no major political change could be carried out in China without the active assistance or friendly neutrality of foreigners† (Schiffrin, p447), therefore he went to Britain and Japan for assistance. Again and again, Sun showed his capability to â€Å"impress individual foreigners† (Schiffrin, p450). To British, he showed his â€Å"Christian affiliation† but in Japan, he appeared to be Asian and asked for help in â€Å"wiping away the humiliation of Asian yellow race† (Schiffrin, p452). Not only did Sun’s speech touch many foreigners’ hearts, also his image as a â€Å"Western-educated and Christian leader[s] of the Society to Restore China’s prosperity† also led foreigners to believe that they could benefit more from Sun in commercial trade, compared to Qing court which was trying to â€Å"reduce China’s reliance on foreign imports† (Hon, p93). All together, Sun successfully built up a positive relationship with foreigners, which brought him to the forefront of the anti-Manchu revolutionary movement-â€Å"Why was Sun chosen leader? †¦ one of the crucial factors was the overriding concern with the foreign threat and Sun’s purported ability to neutralize it.† (Schiffrin, p462). Sun’s success undoubtedly came from his personal charm, excellent lectures and his accurate analysis to complicated situations. At that time in China, foreigners were too influential to be neglected. Sun’s decision to develop a positive relationship with foreigners was definitely one of the key reasons why he succeeded to crash the Qing court and ended the â€Å"emperor system† existing in China for more than 2000 years. Unfortunately too much dependence on foreigners might also be the reason why he eventually failed to found a Republic China. From Zeng Guofan, Kang Youwei, Zhang Zhidong, to Sun Yat-sen, they all contributed to some degree to the modern Chinese revolution. However, as we may see from examples above, their success and failure were determined by the circumstances that existed where they were. I am not trying to argue that their individual beliefs were not influential in their decision making. On the contrary, the more we analyze how and why they made the decisions they did, the more we can see they did not have that many options. Inevitable as the outcome of the decisions were, I still appreciate the fact that they brought their personality into the decision making process, a truth without which they would not be known by us today. The Search for Modern China 2nd Edition, Spence Jonathan, New York, 1999 Howard, Richard Japans Role in the Reform Program of Kang Yu-wei Hon, Tze-ki, â€Å"Zhang Zhidong’s Proposal for Reform: A New Reading of the Quanxue pian Schiffrin, Harold Z., â€Å"The Enigma of Sun Yat-sen,† in China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913, ed. by Mary C. Wright Research Papers on Chinese Dynasty's Over Time - History EssayDefinition of Export QuotasWhere Wild and West MeetAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeTwilight of the UAWOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of India

Tennessee Walking Horse WGC Essays

Tennessee Walking Horse WGC Essays Tennessee Walking Horse WGC Essay Tennessee Walking Horse WGC Essay Every now and then a special bond occurs between a father and a daughter. It all began when my dad saw a Christmas promotion in the newspaper stating that Lowest home improvement store was giving away Dusty the pony on Christmas Eve, no purchase necessary. Dad was only 9 years old, but he got my grandmother to drop him off at Lowest the morning of the drawing. And the winner of Dusty the pony is Andrew Waiters (my dad)! Dad then got a Job at a Tennessee Walking Horse stable where the owner agreed to board and feed Dusty in exchange for my dads irking at the barn after school. Two years later, the owner took my dad to the Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration. It was then that my dad saw Reeves Little Boy crowned World Grand Champion Tennessee Walking Pony. My dad told himself that if he could ever afford a real walking horse, he would want it to be Just like Reeves Little Boy and win the Pony World Grand Championship. When I was around 8 years old, my dad took me to a Walking Horse barn. I loved riding the huge, high stepping show horses, so my dad bought me my first horse. No there thrill topped showing in a ring full of horses with a great audience watching, even though most of the time I came out without a ribbon. More importantly, showing provided a gateway for a father/daughter relationship unlike any other I know. I began to dream about winning a World Grand Championship. After several years, my dad presented me with Prime Polios, a spectacular horse and together we became the leading contenders for the Juvenile World Grand Champion Walking Pony. At the Celebration however, I was disqualified over a minor technicality. To make matters rose, I was the leading contender again the next year, and was once again disqualified for another minor Infraction! Not giving up, I returned to the ring for a third and probably last time. This time, Prime Polios and I won the preliminary class and qualified for the World Grand Championship the following week. As show time arrived, I began to get nervous for the first time since Dad and I began this Journey. Having 30,000+ people watching every move Prime Polios and I made In the ring was quite nerve racking. Prime Polios was spectacular, and I was overwhelmed when I eared the announcer call out The winner of the 2010 World Grand Champion Walking Pony Is Lilly Wallets and Prime Polios! Everything blurred and I could hardly stay on Prime Polios as we made our victory lap to the applause of 30,000 people. Dad understood that my ride on Prime Polios that August night was the fulfillment of my 7-year dream, and I understood that my ride had fulfilled my dads 37-year dream. Two dreams fulfilled with one ride! Tennessee Walking Horse WAC By Toastiest dad presented me with Prime Poison, a spectacular horse and together we became qualified for another minor infraction! Not giving up, I returned to the ring for a third and probably last time. This time, Prime Poison and I won the preliminary class Having 30,000+ people watching every move Prime Poison and I made in the ring was quite nerve racking. Prime Poison was spectacular, and I was overwhelmed when I Walking Pony is . . Lilly Waiters and Prime Poison! Everything blurred and I could hardly stay on Prime Poison as we made our victory lap to the applause of 30,000 Dad understood that my ride on Prime Poison that August night was the

2.Outline and analyse the concept of ideological hegemony. Employ the Essay

2.Outline and analyse the concept of ideological hegemony. Employ the concept in analysis of a piece of text - Essay Example Gramsci’s idea of ideological hegemony is related to his view of the role of the intellectuals in the society as mediators. Journalists are also included in the blurred category of ‘intellectuals’, though Gramsci says this with a slight tone of regret (141). In Prison Notebooks, Gramsci argues that intellectuals do not constitute a separate class but rather perform certain functions: â€Å"All men are intellectuals, one could therefore say: but not all men have in society the function of intellectuals† (Gramsci 140). This means that there can be no stable class characteristic of the intellectual ‘elite’ that controls ‘masses’ (particularly, by the means of media). Such role is obtained as a function, in the process of social interactions between different groups. As the influence of such groups is not limited to their official status or the power assigned to them by law, Gramsci distinguishes between ‘dominant groups’ and state institutions: he says that intellectuals are the functionaries of such â€Å"superstructures† of the society as â€Å"civil society† (â€Å"private†) and â€Å"political society† (â€Å"the State†) (145). The former corresponds â€Å"to the function of â€Å"hegemony† which the dominant group exercises throughout society† (Gramsci 145). Thus, â€Å"hegemony† is achieved on the discoursive level, by the influence of the messages and social relations that are reproduced more successfully than that of the other ‘groups’. In Allan’s wording, it manifests itself through â€Å"persuasion† rather than â€Å"coercion† (109). The main tool of this reproduction (often used unconsciously) is so-called ‘common sense’, an intricate game of representing some group’s opinion in the â€Å"common language† of the other groups of the society (or most of them). According to Gr amsci, ‘common sense’ lies in the conventions of cultural entities within the society and is carried in language, or,

The Handmaid's Tale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Handmaid's Tale - Essay Example Offred is placed to serve under the commander and Serena. The age of infertility has reduced Gilead to offer the provision of demeaning women freedom. Offred serves as the example of the limited freedom presented within the society as the chores that she has been assigned with to complete present restriction within the society. Women are restricted and offered the challenge of progressing within the society as the captives converted into Handmaids. Offred had been declined to a demeaning routine that saw the creation of limited opportunity for the progress of women in a disruptive community. However, Atwood includes a solution in the rebellion Mayday that the Handmaid Ofglen belongs to, and the organization plots to overthrow Gilead to restore freedom to the society. The events within the tale suggest the achievement of redemption in the rebellious group and the quest to seek lost love that has been within the previous regime. Through the character selection with the main character O ffred, Atwood combines bold language and reference to develop a dystopian society within Gilead. Offred, as the leading character, directs the reader to discover a changed society from the traditional U.S. that presents freedom ad free ideology. This mechanism is achieved through the application of flashback that explains the affair that she has had with her lover in Luke. The society presented had offered minimal opportunity for advances, and she failed to find the similar affection as in the previous regime. Atwood writes, â€Å"What I feel towards them is blankness. What I feel is that I must not feel. What I feel is partly relief, because none of these men is Luke. Luke wasn't a doctor. Isn't,† (Atwood 33). Offred explains that she has lost a remarkable past that promised better lifestyle and resolution to her miserable progress. The events that had led to the loss of her lover and daughter did not impair her judgment to recognize her achievement. Atwood’s vibrant reference to the moral decay within the society serves as the lesson to highlight the use of humanity as tools to impress a tyrannical regime. She explained the role created in the Handmaid that represented the immorality within Gilead. Offred had been used as the tool of the Commander, and served to sexually satisfy the family and conceive children. This is presented in her position as the Handmaid to the house, and she struggled with the lifestyle that had been established. The Republic of Gilead is depicted as the environment that harbored injustice and tolerated moral degradation in demeaning the role of the woman. Atwood recognizes this provision through bold imagery and reference to sexual situations that the Handmaids has been subjected to tolerate. Atwood explains that sex is applied as a tool to progress and has lost its meaning in the Gilead society. â€Å"I'm not talking about sex, he says. That was part of it, the sex was too easy,† (Atwood 210). The phrase is app lied to explain that sex has lost its true meaning and is used by the dictators as a means of pleasure with women serving as objects to be manipulated. The role is referred to the Handmaids that were considered servants after being enslaved. Atwood develops the role of the Handmaids who were trained under Aunt Lydia, but issues the recognition of the weakness of the male character due to love. Aunt Lydia serves as the character that shaped the recognition o

Statistics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistics - Coursework Example A marketing manager of a well-known bookstore in the UK conducted a survey measuring customers’ loyalty. Customers’ Loyalty was measured with one question on an ordinal scale from 1 to 10, with lower values indicating less strength and higher values greater strength. The manager also took details on their gender. The manager performed a t-test to examine whether there was an association between the variables loyalty and gender. The results are shown below. The difference between the means is evidently significantly low at 0.86. However, from the test results, the p value 0.0002 is less compared to the significance level of 0.05. For this reason, we reject the null hypothesis. We may thus conclude that loyalty may be associated with gender. It means that the difference between the mean loyalty level of males and the mean loyalty level of the females is 0.86. That is mean of male group minus mean of female group is -0.86. The negative sign shows that the mean of the female group is higher than the mean of the male

Technology and Law Enforcement Essay Example for Free

Technology and Law Enforcement Essay With advances in technology we see new and scary ways criminals commit crimes. With the introduction of cell phones and scanners years ago, criminals could listen to police radio traffic and see where and how we police were responding. No need for look outs, technology became the look out. Now in the computer age we see crimes from identity theft and hacking into computers to steal personal and corporate confidential information to cyber stalking and sexual predating to cell phone cloning. Criminals have a whole new playground and the playground as technology advances. But technology is not just for criminals. Law enforcement agencies are using technology to make police work more effective and efficient. Also police and communities are also using technology to make their communities safer. Technology and the Individual Police OfficerThe future of policing from the perspective of individual police officers is understanding how the new technology works for the individual law enforcer. There are many new technologies that are being invented and implemented in law enforcement agencies across the country. The main goal for each new technology is to improve police work. In a town in Mississippi, the local police agency received 24 refurbished computers from the Aurora, Colorado police department. The police chief in Mississippi was excited because these computers will be put into the squad cars of each officer. This new technology for this small town in Mississippi is making the law enforcement faster and more effective. The officers can now look through the databases in their squad cars. The officers do not need to call dispatch and wait for them to respond. The officer must then ask the dispatcher to look up the item or items that the officer needs to proceed with the situation. The new computers will also make writing the reports more clear and spelling is correct. Police Chief Lionel Cothern (2007) said, I dont know what we would do without computers (Gulflive, 2007, para. 7).New technology is ever present even if a new technology introduced to one law enforcement agency is new in the market or has been out for a while, if it helps the law enforcement community, it is an improvement. Wireless technology is a fast growing technology that is helping the  individual police officers as well as the agencies themselves. In San Francisco, the transit police officers have been given a wireless live video feed. The Police officers are now able to see through live video feed what is going on in approx. 39 stations and 100 miles of track (San Francisco city website, 2007). Commander Gomes said, This really is the next wave in police work (San Francisco city website, 2007). He also said, Wireless technology and intelligent video systems can offer law enforcement a powerful tool to use against criminals (San Francisco city website, 2007). This new technology allows the video link to be viewed 24 hours a day and seven days a week. The live video feeds will also allow the law enforcement in the Bay area to use facial recognition to see potential criminals and also to look into the background of people that have issues with the law. Each officer will eventually have hand held devices to use during situations that may be dangerous to them. These hand held devices allow the police officer to see what is going on in the section of track or station that an incident has happened. New technologies within the law enforcement community are a very important tool that law enforcement has to use. Individual police officers use these technologies to help them save lives including their own in the line of duty. The new technologies can be innovative or new to the law enforcement agency that uses it. The goal for these new law enforcement tools is to help solve crime faster and more efficiently. The officer will have more time in securing their safety as well as others that they protect and serve. Technology and Police AgenciesTechnology has changed this world immensely and still keeps changing it. If there were not for technology we would still be living in caves far away from sophistication that we enjoy today. By this we can conclude that technology is good for us! As good as technology may be for the ordinary citizen this is not a position of todays police departments and their leaders. There are many reasons why police officers and their superiors do not like technology. One of the first reasons that come to mind is that they simply do not react to technology well. It takes them years to get acquainted and  comfortable with using modern devices. Because of this police often find themselves trailing behind the offenders. Offenders who are skilled individuals committing acts of crime via computers, cell phones and other technologies. The problem with modern technology is not solely concentrated on apprehending offenders; it also comes in play when trying to manage an organization using these new resources. Thanks to globalization the crime also became globalized. It is much easier for the offenders to access places of interest physically and via internet to commit offenses. This is where police communication comes into play and also its network awareness. Crime is becoming globalized and police departments need to be aware of matters it traditionally is not good at. Such things are the communication between departments, local agencies and agencies from other countries. Today, compared to past, we have many available communication resources to accurately transmit wanted data information. It is important that we use these resources whether it is within our own city limits or even between the continents. Another area of interest is polices network awareness and how they are able to implement this new criminal activity into their already busy schedule. Do we need to reinvent policing and create whole new agencies or departments which sole purpose is to control and prevent internet crime? The biggest problem for the departments today is that they are simply not following the always changing technology. Police have to start looking more to the future and try to predict what will happen. Police management needs to start being more proactive instead of reactive. Technology, if used the right way, can be to our great benefit. It can increase and better many functions such as; communication, control of the officers, offenders registry and more. Technology and CommunitiesWith the further progress of technology comes new ways of streamlining crime fighting methods. These new methods are not limited to the cops on the streets, or even the sergeants and lieutenants who manage the officers in the field. No, these technologically improved  methods also enhance a communitys ability to fight crime as well. Communities usually take an active interest in the protection and safe guarding of their own. With programs such as the neighborhood watch program, communities have participated in crime prevention for years. Today however, these programs have been revolutionized by items such as the cell-phone, video cameras and internet. With these new and improved methods, community policing has advanced to an all new level. The concept of community policing is not a new philosophy. It is based on the notion that the interaction and support of the community helps control crime by having members of the community bring possible problems to the attention of police. Several examples of how technology has helped with crime prevention are as follows. Cell-phones have made staying-in-touch easier than ever. With the touch of a button you can communicate with someone on the other side of town, country and/or world. With the ease of rapid communication, comes the ability to quickly notify authorities of possible problems. For example, if a couple in the park notices an incident which looks suspicious, quick action can be taken by merely notifying the police via the trusty, ever-present cell-phone. Home protection has become more complex by utilizing technology. In years past a secure home was the one which contained a big gun and loud dog. Security of the home-front has changed for many with the addition of motion detectors, electronic keypads, and closed circuit cameras, also known as (CCTV). CCTV is the use of video cameras to monitor designated locations and broadcast the signal to a specific location. Within these specific locations are monitors which may or may not be continuously viewed. Regardless of where the signal is transmitted, the mere presence of these cameras is a deterrent. The internets role in the realm of crime, whether it be crime itself, crime fighting or crime prevention, is immeasurable. One policy that the use of technology has helped to promote is the location and notification of sex offenders. The ability to locate where, and determine how many sex offenders live in a neighborhood is important to most, especially those with children. Thanks to technology, the internet has expanded to cover even this realm. With websites such as, www.nationalalertregistry.com, the ability to obtain full names and home address of sex offenders becomes readily available. As well as names and addresses, you may also obtain detailed maps to the offenders residence, color photos helping you identify the offender, conviction information and any aliases which the offender has used in the past. The use of technology by the community has definitely changed how the general public responds to crime and the threat thereof. With these new abilities however, comes greater responsibility for the individual. For when does the ability to delve into someones background turn from righteous knowledge, to invading someones privacy? Or, when does CCTV in public places cross the line of public security and wander into the touchy realm of individual privacy?ConclusionTechnology has given criminals new ways to commit crimes. Technology has also given police advanced resources to prevent crime and catch criminals. Law enforcement must take the initiative in technology and not simply react to what criminals are doing. With the new technology police agencies enjoy they must balance these advances with the rights of citizens. Just because law enforcement can listen in on private conversations easier than ever or monitor private activity with closed circuit cameras it doesnt mean they should. References Gulflive, (2005). Police Chief Cothern. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.gulflive.com/news/mississippipress/news.ssf?/base/news/1173694579180270.xml. San Francisco, (2006), San Francisco website. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/trans/roadways_transit_police.pdf.

Critically analyse existing culture and context of care nursing essay

Critically analyse existing culture and context of care nursing essay Firstly, it is necessary to give a few core definitions to the topic and put in into it into a context. Practice development (PD) has been widely defined by many authors and professionals. Following it is possible to finda selection of some of the most accurate and well-known definitions. Firstly, Joyce (1999, p. 109) defines Practice Development as the implementation of initiatives that promote change or maintain good practice in order to enhance care. The latter is undoubtedly a very concise definition. Further extended definitions were provided by, in example, McCormack et al (2004), who consider practice development as a continuous process of improvement in order to increase effectiveness in patient-centered care through the enable of nurses and health care teams to transform the culture and context of care. Simmons (2003, p. 37) argues that practice development is in fact supported by a series of facilitators committed to a systematic, rigorous, continuous process of emancipatory change (Simmons, 2003, p. 37). The latter statement refers to emancipatory practice development, one of the two approaches to PD, together with technical practice development, and which has lately been joined by a third type: transformational Practice Development (Dewing, 2008, p. 134) Definitions and studies on Practice development are, obviously also addressed to maximize quality and benefits of nursing PD. Clarke and Wilcockson (2001, p. 264) stated that the main issues to be considered in the changes and characteristics of the context of nursing care are: the influence of PD in the learning of the staff in the health organisation and the robustness of the evidence upon which the development is based . Practice development in patient care must also be encouraged and directed in order to have a forwarding vision and to guess how and what the service and initiatives must look like, always eliminating boundaries, or at least challenging them (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002, p. 406). It is important to note that, in practice development, organisation and professional learning should never develop independently. Since the organisation must be a learning place, it is necessary to classify the achievable types of knowledge (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2001, p. 264). Depending on the author it is possible to find different classifications of such knowledge. In fact, according to Clarke and Wilcockson (2002, p. 398) knowledge can be: distal or proximal. The former is also known as knowledge for practice and the latter as knowledge from practice (that depends on the contextual issues within the environment like staffing levels). To bring together both knowledges is the most common desire: a synthesis of scientific theoretical, experimental and personal knowledge. Concretely in this case, nurses of the health organisation, as professionals, can hold knowledge for the organisation itself and create theories of action and strategies. As a matter of fact to analyse an organizations knowledge and influence of its practice developments, soft system methodology is used. Such technique approach problems actively and focuses the research on encouraging change rather than just analysing and describing the problem (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2001, p. 265). As Clarke and Wilcockson (2001, p.399) state, soft system methodology develops models of relevance to the real world, or practice situation, in order to achieve greater and more successful changes. The most important part of the system is the analysis of the data recollected since it permits the creation of a general picture about the impact of practice developments within the chosen organisation and on its individuals (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002, p. 399 401). In recent years it has been created a debate about the application of research-based knowledge and the implementation of evidence-based practice. Its advantages are clear but it also has a few disadvantages including the possible lack of skills in research critique, the lack of interest of the individual to any available written knowledge or the lack of conformity with the evidence (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002, p. 397). The considered solution to some of the barriers may be to implement and encourage education within the organisation in order to promote individual skills. In the light of this information, the implementation will be successfully achieved when evidence is scientifically firm, when the context is receptive to change with sympathetic cultures, the feedback system works satisfactorily and there is an appropriate monitoring and leadership (Harvey et al, 2002, p. 578). But the most important factor would be the existence of facilitators for the change, which could be extern al or internal. Firstly, it is necessary to define the term facilitation. It is a concept emerged from both student-centred learning and counselling, which is influenced by humanistic psychology, as Harvey et al (2002, p. 580) mentioned. It refers to a process of enabling individuals and groups to understand the processes they have to go through to change aspects of their behaviour, or attitudes to themselves, their work or other individuals (Marshall and Mclean, 1988). The term has been used in different disciplines, inside and outside the health care field. Therefore, facilitation is the process of encouraging experimental learning through critical reflection, helping organisations and professionals to understand what they need to change and how they should do it in order to achieve the before mentioned evidence-based practice. A more simplified definition, by Kitson et al (as recollected in Harvey et al, 2002, p. 579) describes facilitation as a technique by which one person makes things easier for others. The fact is that in all definitions the term change is included and there are a series of strategies considered to be effective promoting such change like educational outreach visits, audits, feedback and even a marketing approach. Existing practices are challenged and individuals within the organization must embrace new theoretical approaches to improve their practices. It has been proved, that a combination of various approaches is the most effective way of facilitation. One facilitation model could be the Oxford Model of facilitation, created in the first half of the 1980s and which consists in the introduction of more systematic approaches to the prevention of coronary heart diseases and in order to support the creation of more health checks and regular screenings for high-risk patients (Harvey et al, 2002, p. 580). The facilitation process, then, involves facilitators using a range of interpersonal and group skills to achieve the desired change. Literature shows that facilitation in evidence-based practice development addresses the following issues: facilitating change, evidence translation and communication, responding to external influences and agendas, education and life-long learning, getting research into practice and audit and quality initiatives. (Dewing, 2008, p. 136). INTENSIVE CARE NURSING Applying the theory developed before more concretely to the intensive care nursing field, it goes without doubt that nurses can improve patient recovery by using the mentioned before patient -centered care, and, as the Guidance for nurse staffing in critical care (Unknown author, 2003, p. 259) points out by applying pro-active management and vigilance, coping with unpredictable events and providing emotional support. The effectiveness of the nurses improves with proactive prediction and prevention of any possible complications and prompt and skilled intervention in the event of sudden deterioration (Unknown author, 2003, p. 259). Carroll carried out an study which has several useful applications into the nursing care field. Carroll (1997, p. 210) then, identified seven of the most used facilitators in nursing practice according to the answers of a series of participants. The most frequently cited facilitator was the need to have more time available to review and implement research findings. The other six cited facilitators were: conducting more clinically focused relevant research, improving availability/accessibility of research reports, enhancing administrative support and encouragement, providing colleagues support networks/mechanisms, advanced education/increasing research knowledge base, improving the understanding of research reports. (Carroll, 1997, table 2) Barriers to the development of advanced practice in nursing include resistance (both active and passive) or the opposition and obstruction of new roles and responsibilities (Srivastava et al, 2008, p. 2674). Other negative factors in the context of nursing care that would act as barriers would include the fact that the personal beliefs of some practitioners may actively promote discriminatory care (which is called, by Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002 corruption of care) (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002, p. 397 -398). In particular, within nursing, the definition of facilitation is more closely related to the before stated term of change, and more particularly to the promotion of communication between organizations (Simmons, 2003, p. 42). In the first paragraphs of this essay emancipatory and transformational Practice Development were mentioned. Such concepts have especial focus on facilitation, and as stated before this facilitation has two types, the inside and the outside. However, McCormack et al (2007) have stated that such a division is too simplistic but it is useful when clarifying terms. Outsider or external facilitators involve project planning and learning expertise on nursing discipline (in this case) that may be missing within the organization. Internal facilitators for Project Development, however, have a more direct role in day-today facilitation (Unknown, 2003, p. 259). Nursing practice development can make a significant contribution to the improvement of patient and service user experiences and to the modernization of intensive care services through its focus on improving workplace cultures and learning. McCormack and Titchen (2006) recommend key policy and strategy stakeholders need to be targeted in order to develop a strategic way forward for connecting practice development methods with service/systems developments, set within a modernization and risk management agenda. Clearly Nursing Managers can influence this area at various strategic interfaces in the course of their work (Dewing, 2008, p. 139). CONCLUSION To start concluding, the term practice development has been, therefore, used to describe a range of approaches, methods and processes in organising and delivering diverse changes in nursing practice for many years (Dewing, 2008, p. 134). Thus there are plenty of evidence who assure that improved outcomes are not just a result of numbers of staff, but are more related to the staff level of training and skills. (Srivastava et al, 2008, p. 2675 -2678) Tasks of facilitation and in particular of facilitation in nursing would more concretely include: leading meetings and developing systems and programmes; the assessment and monitoring of care and data collection and the undertaking of joint clinical consultation with practice nurses (Simmons, 2003, p. 45). The facilitator/educator nurse is in charge of providing and locating resources. Therefore, nursing facilitation for practice development must be addressed by a facilitator who provides a focus for nurses to obtain the information they require to pursue a professional or practice development goal (as stated by Thornbory, 1999 and recollected in Simmons, 2003, p. 45). A nurse in that role will be effective if counts on a series of qualities such as: personal confidence, formal education, training and preparation; supervision, feedback from other professionals or organizations, assertiveness and negotiation skills and experience in his/her specialty. It is also important if the nurse facilitator can count on a supportive organizational culture (Srivastava et al, 2008, p. 2674) What it is undeniable is that facilitation needs of critical thinking. Since facilitation should involve confronting, questioning and critical reflection (as pointed out in Simmons, 2003, p. 44), critical thinking is a key element to enable professionals (and concretely nurses) within an organization to understand the different elements that create a clinical situation. Nursing facilitation, concretely, will need to count on critical thinking in order to improve nurses skills and knowledge. In order to achieve that, a nurse educator with the suitable nursing expertise or practice development nurse must be appointed. New nursing staff in critical care need to easily identify their nurse educator in order to ensure their continued development after the orientation period (Unknown author, 2003, p. 264). This facilitates the learning culture within the organization in which evidence-based practice can be developed to meet the needs of the patients (Unknown, 2003, p. 263). As a matter of fact an expert nurse in critical care with highly developed technical skills and supportive knowledge will be helpful in extending the knowledge, and consequently the role of intensive care nurses. The latter is in fact a very controversial topic lately; however it is not the topic of this essay. As an example of facilitation and its practical application it can be say t hat it can assure advance practice in: cannulation, venepuncture, ordering blood tests and X-rays; performing physiotherapy; inserting arterial lines; performing elective cardioversion; thrombolysis treatment and intubation (Srivastava et al, 2008, p. 2675). As Rutherford et al 2005 (and it was recollected in Sarivastava et al, 2008, p. 2674) assert, the organizational infrastructure is central in encouraging new roles and establish the perfect framework for debate. Therefore, effectiveness in intensive care nursing includes facilitator skills such as adaptability, prior experience, personal confidence and assertiveness. Training and preparation, feedback from other professionals and a supportive organizational culture are also signaled by Lloyd Jones, 2005 as needed skills (and as it is recollected in Srivastava et al,2008, p. 2675). A key element for critical thinking and advanced practice in nursing is without any doubt autonomy. Autonomy is defined by Fairley, 2003 (as found in King and MacLeod, 2002, p. 322) with three other terms: (independence, identity and authority) with an additional dimension of self-determination. Expert critical care practitioners in any field will use intuition. In fact King and LcLeod (2002, p. 322) have developed a research on the intuition used by nurses at different levels of practice in decision-making. Autonomy and intuition are key elements of an effective advanced practice performance. It is also necessary to note that, as stated before, the debate about the expansion of nursing roles in intensive care in the UK has been created years ago. Before a change like such occurs it is necessary to note that clarity about training, status, authority, career structure and remuneration must be clear. Nowadays, the context of care in nursing have experimented a series of innovations which profound changes, especially in the field of the working relationships between nurses and medical staff. It is also necessary to note that Intensive Care nursing is a quite new field (which developed into a separate category around 1995, English, 1997) which appeared in order to ensure that patients with an uncomplicated recovery will always be attended. Nowadays, critical care practitioners make all decisions about routine management and over combined roles of anaesthetist, perfusionist and intensivist while carrying on with conventional nursing care. Facilitation and practice development are therefore key issues for intensive care nursing. The implementation of critical care practitioners needed of training and improvement of quality of care merits (English, 1997). Also it needed of three main steps: to give the appropriate title to the nurses depending on the specialist training they received, to give them the necessary authority to act independently, commensurate with the responsibility that they already carried and changes in the salary which, allegedly reflect the value of the work and helped retaining the staff. In Englishs (1997) words: Trusts now have more freedom to set appropriate terms and conditions of service for staff, but support is also needed from the nursing authorities and the Department of Health. Concluding, it is noticeable that there is a clearly positive relationship between research utilization and attitude toward that research, the extended use of professional nursing journals among clinical nurse educators and higher levels of education. In fact, despite the fact that not all intensive care practitioners have the necessary critical approaches and skills (and evidence-based practice research) to use research effectively in practice, such new field like critical care nursing is evolving in the good directions thanks to the use of those facilitators among other factors. The latter affirmation is based on some studies that have been lately developing a deeper approach into clinical nurse educators and the determinants of their research utilization behaviour in clinical practice. Furthermore, it is necessary to point out that it is necessary further research and improvements in the field, especially research on the outcomes of research utilization, including the effectiveness of their role as educators/facilitators and the organization and, over all, contexts in which they practice. Finally, the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) standards on effective workplace culture are going to be used in order to clarify which vital areas need to be encouraged for an effective culture: the need of developing person-centeredness, also developing individual, team and service effectiveness, developing evidence-based health care including knowledge of utilization, transfer and evidence development and developing an effective workplace culture (Dewing, 2008, p. 136).